Land-use restrictions impose a measurable housing-cost penalty.
Across calibrated assumptions, the model attributes a positive cost wedge to regulatory restrictions.
REDRAWN FROM STUDY DATAFigure 4 · Estimated effects of restrictions on housing productivity
Figure 4 · Estimated effects of restrictions on housing productivity. Values reconstructed from quantities reported by the authors at Figure 4; average calibration anchored to the authors’ reported 15-point estimate.